Boko Haram factions adopt AI tools for military operations in Nigeria

Investigations reveal that factions of Boko Haram in Nigeria have begun integrating generative artificial intelligence tools into their operational strategies, marking a significant shift in how the group conducts its activities. According to a 2026 study by the Cambridge Programme on AI Science & Policy at the University of Cambridge, these factions—primarily the Islamic State’s West Africa Province (ISWAP) and Jama’atu Ahlis Sunna Lidda’awati wal-Jihad (JAS)—have deployed publicly accessible AI platforms to enhance their tactical and logistical capabilities.

From propaganda to tactical planning: AI’s expanded role

While AI’s use by armed groups was previously limited to creating propaganda materials, this study uncovers far more sophisticated applications. Fighters and technical specialists within these factions have reportedly used AI systems like ChatGPT, Claude, Gemini, Grok, Meta AI, and DeepSeek to plan operations, resolve logistical challenges, and improve coordination between units. These tools have been employed since 2023, shortly after the public release of generative AI systems, to streamline decision-making processes.

One of the most striking findings is the use of AI to analyze past attack failures. Fighters submitted hypothetical scenarios to AI platforms to identify weaknesses in their strategies and refine future operations. AI has also been utilized to troubleshoot technical issues, such as maintaining seized weapons, diagnosing equipment malfunctions, and understanding military hardware operations. Additionally, the report highlights instances where AI was consulted for designing explosive devices and enhancing operational security, though safeguards on these platforms did not always prevent access to sensitive information.

When an AI system refused to respond to a query, users adapted by rephrasing questions, altering the context, or switching to different platforms—a tactic that allowed them to bypass restrictions more effectively. The study emphasizes that AI has accelerated access to technical knowledge, enabling fighters to resolve complex problems in minutes that previously required days of research or expert consultation.

Structured AI units trained with Daesh support

To institutionalize AI use, certain factions have established specialized cells composed of members skilled in engineering, armaments, explosives, and planning. These units act as intermediaries, receiving questions from ground-level fighters and querying multiple AI systems to extract and relay the most relevant responses. Access to computers, accounts, and subscriptions is tightly controlled, restricted to trusted members to mitigate risks of surveillance, leaks, or unauthorized use.

The adoption of AI has been actively encouraged by instructors linked to the Daesh network. According to testimonies in the report, these instructors provided in-person training and remote assistance to ISWAP members, supplying hardware such as laptops and projectors. They also furnished encryption software, virtual private networks (VPNs), and paid access to multiple AI platforms. Training sessions covered AI system functionality, query formulation techniques, and methods to bypass platform restrictions. The knowledge gained was then disseminated across various units within the factions.

The report acknowledges methodological limitations, as its conclusions are based primarily on interviews with former mid-level commanders and technical specialists rather than current leadership. Each reported use of AI could not be independently verified, and the participants did not have a complete view of the organization’s highest-level decisions. Additionally, the study does not measure the accuracy or real-world applicability of the AI-generated information, which may produce incomplete or incorrect responses.

AI as a tool for armed groups: implications and challenges

While the study does not confirm whether AI has enabled Boko Haram factions to carry out attacks that would have been impossible otherwise, it underscores that the technology is no longer a theoretical risk for armed groups. Groups with limited resources can now access the same tools as individuals, businesses, and governments, potentially reducing technical barriers in areas such as translation, information analysis, maintenance, and planning. While AI cannot replace human expertise, it can accelerate learning and knowledge sharing.

For technology companies, the challenge lies in detecting malicious uses without impeding legitimate access to widely used services. The proliferation of platforms, accounts, and circumvention methods complicates monitoring efforts. The report’s authors call for stronger collaboration among developers, public authorities, security services, and researchers to enhance information-sharing and evaluate protective measures against organized groups—not just individual users.

With factions of Boko Haram already placing significant trust in AI’s potential, the study suggests they may further invest in subscriptions, computer equipment, and specialized training programs. The question is no longer whether armed groups will attempt to use these technologies, but how effectively security mechanisms can limit their transformation into tools of violence.