United Nations report identifies M23 rebels as primary perpetrators of human rights abuses in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo

The United Nations Group of Experts has delivered a damning assessment of the conflict in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), ranking the M23 rebel alliance (AFC/M23) as the most significant non-state armed group responsible for violations of international humanitarian law in the region.

According to the final report released on June 11, 2026, the M23 rebels have systematically targeted civilians, with documented cases of mass executions, village burnings, and the deliberate destruction of livelihoods in the Bwito and Bwisha chiefdoms of Rutshuru.

Humanitarian crisis deepens under M23 blockade

The report highlights a severe humanitarian blockade in Minembwe, where the M23 has cut off access to essential goods for the Banyamulenge population, exacerbating an already dire situation. Women and girls have borne the brunt of the violence, with the M23 identified as the main perpetrator of sexual violence linked to the conflict—a trend the UN describes as reaching “unprecedented levels” since 2024.

“The scale of suffering inflicted by the M23 rebels is alarming,” noted a senior UN investigator. “These violations are not isolated incidents but part of a coordinated campaign against civilian populations.”

DRC Armed Forces also cited in UN report

While the M23 tops the list of human rights violators, the DRC Armed Forces (FARDC) are also implicated as the primary state actor responsible for abuses. The report underscores the complexity of the conflict, challenging narratives that frame it solely as an external aggression.

The findings paint a grim picture of a multi-faceted crisis where both state and non-state actors contribute to instability, complicating peace efforts and humanitarian responses in the region.

International community urged to address findings

Human rights organizations and regional bodies are calling for urgent action in response to the UN report. “The international community must hold all perpetrators accountable,” stated a representative of Human Rights Watch. “The suffering of Congolese civilians cannot be ignored any longer.”

The report’s revelations come at a critical juncture, as diplomatic efforts to resolve the conflict remain stalled. Analysts warn that without decisive intervention, the humanitarian toll will continue to rise.