Large-scale forced conscription campaigns

HRW reports that the M23 intensified its forced recruitment efforts following the capture of Goma and Bukavu in early 2025. Thousands of Congolese soldiers, local armed group members, and civilians have allegedly been abducted and held in makeshift detention centers. Witnesses claim individuals were seized from streets, homes, and gatherings at schools and churches before being transferred to military training camps.

Child soldiers among the victims

The report highlights that some detainees were as young as 12 years old. Many were reportedly sent to indoctrination and military training facilities to be integrated into M23 ranks. HRW asserts these conscriptions occurred under duress, with detainees facing death threats if they refused to comply.

Harrowing detention conditions

HRW describes appalling detention conditions characterized by extreme overcrowding, severe food and water shortages, and systematic physical abuse. Former detainees recount witnessing deaths from starvation, dehydration, torture, and summary executions. While the exact death toll remains unverified, testimonies suggest hundreds may have perished in these camps.

Allegations against Rwanda

Several witnesses reported identifying M23 officers in detention centers, with some instructors and guards allegedly being Rwandan nationals wearing the uniforms of the Rwandan Defence Forces. These allegations emerge amid escalating regional tensions, with Kigali continuing to deny direct military support to the M23.